Health traditions model by Leininge, Rachel Spector Research Paper

Wellbeing conventions model by Leininge, Rachel Spector - Research Paper Example This exploration will start with the explanation that Health Traditional Model (HTM) went to the presence in 1994 when wellbeing custom workers were flooding Ellis Island. This model discussions about the transcultural idea that happens in nursing care and it is relevant to all the projects in nursing instruction that are authorized by nursing programs. Wellbeing custom model consolidates a hypothesis by Ester and Zitzow on how individual’s lifestyle mirrors the customary culture that he/she originates from. In this model, legacy consistency alludes to the level wherein one’s way of life mirrors the innate culture that he/she originates from. The model spotlights on various conventional societies for various ethnic sets, for instance, the Africans, Europeans, and Hispanics. In the model, Spector utilizes a comprehensive wellbeing idea to find strategies that individuals apply for them to reestablish and think about their wellbeing. The model gives a connection between p hysical, profound and emotional wellness with mindful and reestablishing wellbeing. This model expresses that for one to have the option to hold physical wellbeing, he/she should utilize the conventional dress and food that the way of life suggests. So as to shield psychological wellness of an individual, one needs to get passionate and public consideration from the network everywhere and relatives. In wellbeing convention model, Spector gives an instrument to evaluate legacy for one to realize the level that individuals remain by their customs and the manner in which they watch their cultures.... So as to defend psychological wellness of an individual, one needs to get passionate and common consideration from the network everywhere and relatives (Sagar, 2011) In wellbeing custom model, Spector gives a device to evaluate legacy for one to realize the level that individuals remain by their conventions and the manner in which they watch their societies. She reasons that, conventional individuals are all the more near their customary societies contrasted with acculturated individuals who separation their conventional practices. Spector contends social ability by stressing its relationship with culture along with destitution, socioeconomics and migration. She demands that for one to be a certified culture care, he/she ought to secure demeanor and abilities for fantastic liberation of the administrations (Sagar, 2011) In the model, Spector orchestrates social decent variety associated with wellbeing along with sickness in four parts. These bits include social competency foundation; wellbeing, infection and culture; convictions that a given network practices and issues influencing their wellbeing; and applying social information when all is said in done medicinal services. Spector looks at custom to a weight that everybody conveys all through her/his entire life and hands it over to the accompanying age. Each weight has convictions, which are substantial or not, along with contrasting qualities relying upon the foundation of his/her convictions. As indicated by this model, culture shows different things that a given gathering of individuals shares. For instance, it might show that they share geographic starting point, strict conviction, regional, race and food of inclination (Sagar, 2011). Why I pick Health customary model I pick the wellbeing conventional Model in light of the fact that as a nursing understudy, I think the model will

Jonathan Franzen - the Discomfort Zone free essay sample

An individual History examiners of one keeps an eye on character by V Jonathan Franzens The Discomfort Zone is basically an assortment of Franzens expositions distributed in The New Yorker that manage issues, life time encounters, both social and enthusiastic part of the creators life. This exposition will concentrate primarily on Franzens efficacious endeavor to make a self representation and simultaneously make it intelligible and exhaustive such that anybody could adapt to the issues and encounters he had during his development. The book contains six articles : House available to be purchased, Two Ponies, Then Joy Breaks Through, Centrally Located, The Foreing Language and My Bird Problem which are written in a self-portraying, sequential way that empowers the peruser to follow his life from youth, puberty to his development. In the firts segment of the book, entitled House available to be purchased, Jonathan comes back to his family home in St. We will compose a custom article test on Jonathan Franzen the Discomfort Zone or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Louis after his moms demise, in endeavor to sell the house wher he went through the vast majority of his time on earth. Here is the place Franzen shows his clever and funny brain, paying little heed to how genuine and grevious the situtaion is : ЂÃ'›I experienced the house and stripped the family photographs out of each room. Id been anticipating do this nearly as much regarding my beverage. My mom had been excessively connected to the custom of her lounge and lounge area to mess them with snaphots, yet somewhere else each wndowsill and each table-top was a whirlpool in which economically encircled photographs had gathered. (4) He thinks about his moms house to a novel which she persistently revamped and adjusted consistently. When discussing his moms lifetime battle to keep everything inside and outside the house all together, he feels the despairing nd disappointment with the manner in which things finished. On one hand he needed the house to be sold and even disdained it , however on the other, as he says : Ã'› Id grown out of the novel Id once been so glad to live in, and how little I even thought about the last deal cost. (25) Franzen additionally figured out how to fit a portion of his political a social thoughts and assessments in this segment. He discusses the social circumstance in America during his youth which was formed by the possibility that the center average workers would consistently feel the obligation to its general public. He reexamines both liberal and traditionalist political idea of the time eing and places himself in the Ã'›middle: substantial, skinlike, mash smelling masses that reglued themselves to my dads work boots, there was only my family and house and church and school and work. (15) In Two Ponies we follow the life of Jonathan as a multi year old kid and his appearance on both family life and current social circumstances around him. The initial piece of this area really gives a clue about the connections inside the Franzen family. He was growing up close by his two siblings, Tom and Bob, whom he acknowledged and regarded vastly. As indicated by Jonathan, Tom is a genuine delegate of the social scourge of that time, a defiant youthful who fled from home in a quest for his own character: Ã'› Late teenagers in rural areas like our own had out of nowhere gone wild, fleeing to different urban communities to engage in sexual relations and not ot head off to college, ingesting each substance they could get.. For some time, the guardians were so scared thus embarrassed that every family, especilly mine, isolated itself and endured without anyone else Toms bed, perfectly made, was the bed of a child carted away by the scourge. (32) notwithstanding being a youngster, Jonathan can give solace to his mom in times she felt misery and disgrace in light of Toms leaving. He is in this manner unconciously developing his passionate quality and simultaneously holding with his mom more than ever. The unquenchable fixation on Charles M. Schulzs Ã'›Peanut Treasury is unconventional on occasion. As he carries on with an existence of a very superb understudy, he quite often and at all events looks at his neighborhood, school, companions, family with the Ã'›Peanuts. In his dream and in his fantasies he turned into a piece of that funny cartoon. In The Washington Post survey Birds on the Brain An author uncovered his life as a geek, Bob Ivry composed : Ã'›ln that agitated season, Franzen looked for comfort in a private, serious connection with Snoopy and the remainder of the Peanuts group. The adult Franzen can perceive any reason why his pre-high schooler mint-me would recognize so fanatically, and the explanation is no less grievous for its conventionality: Nobody grows up, or separated, in a funny cartoon. Charlie Brown speaks to an on going motivation for Franzen. The world as he knew it was formed by the thoughts from the very character. A significant number of his school exercises esemble a ton to the tales in Ã'›Peanut Treasury, for example, the spelling honey bee, where he really discovered he was a lot of serious and delighted in uncovering his extraordinary information and his Ã'›geek soul to other people. ЂÃ'›Our minds resemble visual artists and kid's shows resemble our cerebrums, disentangling and misrepresenting, subjecting facial detail to extract comic ideas. (40) Jonathan cherishes comic books and kid's shows the same amount of as some other youngster his age, yet not at all like others, looking for another, better reality, he Ã'›sticks aro und much more than others, abnormally up till end of his youthful years. It is in this segment Franzen mentiones the Ã'›Comfort Zone , the indoor regulator mother and him. At that point Joy Breaks Through is one of the fascinating pieces of the book where Jonathan is in his pre-adult years and is opposing the regular high school enticements. Jonathan joins a gathering of youngsters called Ã'›Fellowship which was supported by the First Congregational Church. During an end of the week retreat with the Ã'›Fellowship the kids are occupied with various exercises typicall for such outdoors trips, but on the other hand are charmed by different enticements (drugs, alcohol,sex and so forth) which are clearly prohibited. Be that as it may, all Jonathan concernes about is the way to keep away from Ã'›Social Death and not confronting the embarasement in the event that somebody discovered his moms letter where she tended to him as Ã'›Dearest Jonathan.

Admitted Student Message Board Reminder COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Admitted Student Message Board Reminder COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog This is just a reminder to admitted students that you can access an Internet Message Board to interact with current SIPA students and with other admitted students.   Information on how to log in are contained on the Welcome Page referenced in the Admission Letter.   At present only a small number of admitted students have logged in and this should be a good resource for getting some of your questions answered. We are working on getting out our last small group of decisions so if you have yet to receive an email, hang in there.

Autism Is A Pervasive, Lifelong Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Autism is a pervasive, lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder or disability that is behaviourally described. It is often presented early on in the individuals life and affects how they communicates with and relate to other people. The term Autism was first coined by doctor and Austrian American psychiatrist Leo Kanner in the 1940’s (Kanner, 1943). The naming of this disorder has changed many times over the years from Childhood Schizophrenia to Psychosis to Pervasive Developmental Disorder, which has led it to land on the current language; ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’. It is important to understand that we are labelling the individuals with Autism as such after looking at symptoms and trying to define them because it becomes necessary for diagnosis as well as to provide services. Autism was first included in the DSM-III 30 years ago which was when we first recognised Autism as a distinctive category. Since then it has undergone a series of changes, one of which is the revised DSM-III in 1987 that first provided the inclusion of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. These continuous changes are normal and needed within the diagnostic criteria, and as research continues, it is likely that changes will occur in the future. The revised DSM-5 Criteria for Autism spectrum disorder defines and classifies the disorder not solely on the presence of impairments or deficits, but also by the severity to which these impairments are present (American PsychiatricShow MoreRelatedSoar Research Paper: Theories Of Autism. Autism Is Known1454 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of Autism Autism is known as a profound neural development disorder marked by an inability to communicate and interact with others. In many families, there appears to be a pattern of autism or related disabilities, further supporting the theory that the disorder has a genetic basis. (Autism and Neurodevelopment) While no one gene has been identified as causing autism, researchers are searching for irregular segments of genetic code that children with autism may have inherited. Autism symptomsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder And Autism1389 Words   |  6 Pages Autism Spectrum Disorder Autism is a form of â€Å"ASD,† Autism Spectrum disorder and is experienced all around the world. Autism is a developmental disorder that consists of many neurodevelopmental disorders of the brain. People with autistic disorder think and act in different ways than most people. There are many different forms of autism spectrum disorder that include the pervasive development disorder, Asperger syndrome, and autistic disorder. These disorders are called spectrum disorders becauseRead MoreWhat Do We Know About Autism Spectrum Disorder?1390 Words   |  6 PagesAbout Autism Spectrum Disorder? Actress Holly Robinson Peete once stated, â€Å"I m not a doctor or scientist. I m just a mom. But I do think there s a genetic predisposition, and there are environmental triggers. I feel like that combination, in my child s case, is what resulted in autism.† Holly Robinson could have not said it in a better way. What is the cause of autism? Is autism solely caused by genetics or a combination of genetics and environmental influences? What does make up autism spectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1801 Words   |  8 PagesAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by qualitative impairments in social interaction and communication, and restricted, repetitive behavior (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013), and is associated with impairments in executive functions. Autism Spectrum Disorder is also defined as a group of disorders that impair an individual’s ability to understand and engage in the give-and-take of social relationships. (Boyd, 2015) Autism is a well-knownRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism1544 Words   |  7 PagesAUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER â€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development.† Those with autism may have a number of difficulties such as in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of autism, and how you can helpRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism )2850 Words   |  12 Pagesto know about autism, but like any medical phenomenon there is still more to be learned and discovered. This paper incorporates the research of various studies in accordance to the distinguished disorder known as Autism. It is also referred to, interchangeably with classic autism as well as autism spectrum disorder. The title represents the paper’s goal in classifying autism as the word spectrum is used to classify something but it also shares the name with autism spectrum disorder. The intro alsoRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) And Autism1569 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are both general terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development.† Those with autism may have a number of developmental difficulties such as problems with social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and repetitive behaviors. It is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with impairments that have lifelong consequences. This paper will discuss how it is found in people, what the effects are, the levels of autism, and how you can helpRead MoreThe Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1636 Words   |  7 Pagesm Spectrum Disorder This paper will cover many aspects of Autism Spectrum Disorder, also commonly known as ASD. It will identify reginal, national and global statistics of the occurrence of ASD, predisposing factors, usual signs and symptoms of ASD, and tests used for diagnosis. It will also analyze both medical, surgical and psychosocial aspects of the care needed by patients with ASD, interdisciplinary interventions, comorbidities commonly associated with Autism, and the prognosis of these patientsRead MoreThe Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism )1826 Words   |  8 PagesAutism is also known as classical autism as well as an autism spectrum disorder or ASD. Classical autism is one of the five types of autism spectrum disorders in which all are developmental brain disorders. The development disability challenges children to have social, communication and language problems and a limited range of activities and interests. The other types of autism spectrum disorder include Asperger syndrome, childhood di sintegrative disorder, Rett syndrome, and pervasive developmentalRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1998 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is one of the most researched child disorders. It affects every 1 in 100 people, affecting 4 times the amount of boys than it does girls. ASD can be detected in children as early as 18 months and is a lifelong condition affecting the social and communitive interactions in child’s life. Autism affects every person differently and to a different degree of severity. The symptoms of Autism present differently in each case and differ in development. The understanding

My First Love Is Doing Business - 904 Words

My first love was doing business. With my family operating a restaurant when I was a child, I unconsciously learned how to run an operation and deal with customers within the business surroundings. It would be easy to trace its origins back to my mother, who was a restaurant manager, and while she definitely encouraged me, I had a natural drive to unlock the power of doing business, which gave me a lens through which to view the world around me. During the summer of my junior year in high school, I hosted my first charity bazaar, a charity sale for self-customized T-shirts for a local orphanage that sponsored by my high school. Given much advance publicity, I did well at the sale, making over $100 in an hour. That accomplishment made me realize my passion toward marketing and motivated me to pursue a Bachelor degree in Business Management during my undergraduate studies. When I enrolled at Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), marketing was my core interest: it has provided numerous opportunities for hands-on experience from class projects, such as predictive analytics with software like SPSS and Tableau, and strategic case analysis with marketing tools like SWOT and Porter’s five force. In addition, with my supporting minor in psychology, I also gain a psychological perspective and deeply understand how customers are attracted to, and persuaded to, purchase merchandise as well as how companies build lasting relationships with those customers. Besides, after taking aShow MoreRelatedThe Study of Beauty: Cosmetology Essay1590 Words   |  7 Pagesinner creativity. That is one of the many reason I love this line of work, because when I do hair it lets me express myself while creating a hairstyle of my own. The first time I started doing hair was when I was about 10 or 11, I was a natural! I want to be able to know my clients and exactly what w ill look right on my clients and read people, so I would know what they do like just by talking to them. I need to learn to separate family from business. I do know some things about this field I beforeRead MoreMarketing And Strategy Execution Of The Social Media Space935 Words   |  4 PagesThrough past internships, I discovered my passion for digital marketing. Although I found my previous work experience to be extremely valuable, I was only offered the opportunity to gain experience about marketing strategy execution in the social media space. Moving forward, I want to expand the breadth of my digital knowledge and learn more about new digital marketing strategies. I want to be a part of an organization that will offer me opportunities to learn and challenge me to grow, and I feelRead MoreImplementing A Workable Business Plan1428 Words   |  6 Pagesinsightful. He began by saying that you need two things in the very beginning, you have to have a concept that makes sense, and it needs to be something that people want. After you have those two things he said to make a workable business plan. The next step after the business plan is to find a team of people that are capable of carrying out that plan. He went on to add that it is harder to find a good team than it is to find a good plan in early businesses. Lots of good plans out there, but not thatRead MoreEssay On Launching A Small Business1111 Words   |  5 PagesYour Own Small Business The new century has brought upon the most advanced consumer products that are simply magical. The smartest man from only a few decades ago could never imagined that a hunk of metal, electricity, and glass the size of a wallet could give the average American access to all of the worlds documented information. Technology has shaped the world at an alarming rate, it is a crazy time to be alive. 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Hospitality Industry Knowledge Free Essays

Hospitality Industry Knowledge 1. List six sources of current industry information: – Media: Such as newspapers, television, magazines and radio. The media publicises current information, trends developing and any government initiatives. We will write a custom essay sample on Hospitality Industry Knowledge or any similar topic only for you Order Now – Customers: By doing customer questionnaires this can inform enterprises as to what they need to improve, as well as which staff are working well. – Information services: For example the Australian Bureau of Statistics and Tourism NSW (all these services are provided by the government) and provide a whole range of issues within the industry. Internet: Sites such as The World Tourism Organisation (WTO) provide information on environmental issues and trends frequently. Anyone can publish anything on the internet, so it is important to check that the information sourced is credible and correct. – Industry Journals: (Also known as trade magazines) are not available from local industries and usually require a subscription, as they are extremely valuable sources of current information. Within the either national / international journals hospitality positions are advertised, trends are addressed and practices of various enterprises are shown. Training courses: May eit her be on-site or off-site, and provide the opportunity for staff to experience specific training in a chosen area. 2. Differentiate between primary and secondary sources of information: A primary source is when information is gathered first hand, whereas secondary source is when the information is gathered from a source that has already conducted the research. 3. Indentify the basic research skills that are required when researching: It is important to recognise that the source is credible and that it is of relevance. . List three channels that may be used to disseminate information once collected: Media, Internet and customers. 5. Explain the importance of updating hospitality industry knowledge: Updating hospitality industry knowledge ensures quality service is maintained and the customer’s needs are constantly being met. 6. Analyse recent government initiatives affecting the hospitality industry: Government initiatives are acts by the government that result in a number of impacts on the industry. Promoting Australia’s image overseas: In campaigns such as â€Å"where the bloody hell are you? † and ‘Australia week’ in the USA; and enhances Australians quality of life as well as boosting tourism in regional areas. – Australian tourism industry: Over $600 million was allocated to the Australian tourism industry in the 2004/05 federal budget. The government set up a new body in 2004, ‘Tourism Australia’, having $120 million allocated to the body in 2004 in order to market Australia internationally as a holiday destination over the following years. To market tourism within regional areas of Australia, an extra $45 million was allocated. – The federal government is now taking on apprentices (New Apprenticeship’s Scheme). This will help with the costs accompanying training new apprentices and offers and encourages employers to take on new enterprises. By introducing these further funds for enterprises, it has also allowed students to take on a part-time apprenticeship whilst attending school, as well as enabling more flexibility for those wishing to pursue a career in commercial cooking. Obesity: This issue has been constantly reported via the media, statistics stating that now over 50% of the Australian population are overweight. This is a result of certain lifestyle changes: individuals are now less active, have increased their consumption of fatty/high energy foods, and often resort to fast food because they believe they do not have enough time to cook themselves. The health problems connected to being overweight have placed a lot of pressure on the health system. This has resulted in the government introducing healthy eating campaigns and new school canteen food requirements. Farmer kits: Was launched by the Federal Minister for Tourism in 2003: ‘Farm and Country Tourism on your Property: Assessment Tool’ These kits were for families looking to enter the agricultural tourism industry and enables them to see whether or not their farm is suitable. 7. Explain recent trends in emerging markets and the importance of internet presence for business: The Internet has enabled the hospitality industry to access a wider market, allowing budding customers to view the available products and services of different enterprises, and to make a booking online. Internet booking have increased dramatically over the past few years (due to the ‘technically savvy’ Y-Generation) and has resulted in an increase in competitiveness between hospitality enterprises. 8. Analyse the impact of social issues on the hospitality industry: Some enterprises choose to become involved with the community by doing things such as participating in community fundraising (e. g. providing a complimentary meal) or by contributing left-over food to charities. The obesity epidemic has also caused the hospitality industry to provide healthier menus, so that consumers now have the option of having either fatty or healthier food. Doing so has caused the face of the hospitality industry to change, as they are no longer regarded as selling only fatty foods. Racial tensions were a result of the Cronulla Riots in Sydney. A number of businesses were closed down, and when re-opened were not able to operate due to a lack of customers. Due to an increase in intoxication and binge drinking licensed premises must ensure they do not serve intoxicated people, as intoxicated people are more likely to commit crimes. The government has responded to this by introducing curfews and lockouts within problem areas. They have also raised the price on Alco-pops to discourage young people from drinking excessively. 9. Outline factors that have caused expansion within the industry: Factors that have caused expansion within the industry include: – International sporting events: attracts a large number of short-term visitors – Cultural events: attract people to specific regions – Seasonal influences: increased travel during holidays, in particular the Christmas and summer holiday period – New liquor licensing laws: may encourage more small bars to open – Medical tourism: hospitality provides forming partnership with hospitals 10. Outline factors that have caused retraction within the industry: – An oversupply of facilities after the 2000 Sydney Olympics – Incidents (such as war on Iraq, tsunami, SARS) resulted in less abroad people travelling to Australia, although inbound tourism did increase – Competition among enterprises caused them to slash their prices (reduced profit) – World oil prices increased which resulted in airline tickets increasing and households to restrict their extra spending money (due to increased cost in petrol) – Rising food prices caused higher menu prices, which may deter customers from dining out – Credit crisis 1. Describe current labour issues and their impacts on enterprises: – Labour turnover: Employee’s left with few hours during the quieter months may choose to leave and find alternative employment. The cost of losing / replacing staff members is quite substantial and costs thousands per employee. – Shortage of qual ified chefs: result of more students staying to year 12 rather than leaving in year 10 – Hiring staff with illegal visa statuses – Paid unjustly: a number of employee’s in the industry are unaware of their rights and may be paid lower wages 2. Explain technological issues affecting the hospitality industry: – Has improved the delivery of customer service and impacted on the delivery of training – Systems and procedures are now more efficient and has reduced many errors and has enabled service to be provided more timely. – Addressed skills shortages by allowing individuals to complete training courses in a more flexible environment through registered training organisations on-line. How to cite Hospitality Industry Knowledge, Essay examples

LANDFILLS Essays - Waste Management, Landfill, Anaerobic Digestion

LANDFILLS Solid waste is the term that civil engineers use to refer to what most of us call garbage. Municipal solid waste is most familiar to us. It comes from households, institutions, and small businesess. These solid wastes enter the solid-waste stream, and the flow never ceases. While many normal activities are suspended during weekends and holidays, the flow of garbage is non-stop. Some holidays, such as Christmas, create an enormous wave of solid waste. There are essentially four ways to deal with garbage: 1) recycle it into something that can be used again, 2) dump it, 3) burn it, or 4) reduce the source of material products (such as packaging) in order to eliminate future garbage. Throughout history, dumping has been the preferred means of disposal. Today, landfills are America's primary method for the disposal of garbage. Approximately 40 to 50 percent of everything we throw away is paper. Newspapers account for as much as 18 percent of the volume in a landfill. Grass clippings and raked-up leaves account for nearly 20 percent of our waste. Much of the notion that biodegradation takes place within a landfill is a myth. Some food and yard debris degrade at a very slow rate, but the remainder of the garbage in landfills seems to retain its original form, weight, and volume. Even after being buried in a landfill for several years, the print on newspapers remains legible. Landfills also contain a considerable amount of hazardous waste. Today, pesticides, cleansers, and motor oil are commonly found in most households. Many of these find their way to the trash. Therefore, landfills must be designed for the safe disposal of hazardous household waste. Currently, there is a critical shortage of landfills, expecially in the northeastern United States. It is estimated that 40 percent of the landfills now in use will close down within five years. The reason the percentage is so high is that most landfills are designed to be in use for only about ten years. Many landfills now closing are open dumps. Rain and groundwater trickle through the trash and dissolve metals and other chemicals. This toxic liquid, called leachate, can ooze into the ground and contaminate nearby wells and streams. In sanitary landfills, daily deposits of fresh garbage are covered with a layer of dirt or plastic or both. However, sanitary landfills can still exude leachate into the water table. In new sanitary landfills, the basin is often lined with clays and impermeable plastic sheets to keep the leachate in. While so many of the country's landfills are closing down in the next several years, solid-waste engineers face tremendous challenges to properly seal, salvage, and monitor some of the nation's most contaminated dumps. The use of sanitary landfills presents several additional challenges beyond safety and efficiency. One major problem is cost. It is often necessary to transport garbage several hundred miles to an available landfill. The cost for transporting garbage to a landfill can be excessive. An even bigger problem is location. Even if the landfill does not leak pollutants or foul the air, no one wants a landfill for a neighbor. Consequently, the old landfills are not being replaced. Due to the critical shortage of landfills and the concerns about their safety, environmental consciousness has been raised. There is a growing awareness of the need to improve the environment and become less dependent on landfills. We must finds ways to reduce waste, and we must find ways to convert waste into something that can be used again. Source reduction offers a real and lasting contribution toward solving our nation's solid waste problem and conserving landfill space. Talk to your legislators, both federal and state, about this genuine method of reducing the volume of garbage. LANDFILLS Essays - Waste Management, Landfill, Anaerobic Digestion LANDFILLS Solid waste is the term that civil engineers use to refer to what most of us call garbage. Municipal solid waste is most familiar to us. It comes from households, institutions, and small businesess. These solid wastes enter the solid-waste stream, and the flow never ceases. While many normal activities are suspended during weekends and holidays, the flow of garbage is non-stop. Some holidays, such as Christmas, create an enormous wave of solid waste. There are essentially four ways to deal with garbage: 1) recycle it into something that can be used again, 2) dump it, 3) burn it, or 4) reduce the source of material products (such as packaging) in order to eliminate future garbage. Throughout history, dumping has been the preferred means of disposal. Today, landfills are America's primary method for the disposal of garbage. Approximately 40 to 50 percent of everything we throw away is paper. Newspapers account for as much as 18 percent of the volume in a landfill. Grass clippings and raked-up leaves account for nearly 20 percent of our waste. Much of the notion that biodegradation takes place within a landfill is a myth. Some food and yard debris degrade at a very slow rate, but the remainder of the garbage in landfills seems to retain its original form, weight, and volume. Even after being buried in a landfill for several years, the print on newspapers remains legible. Landfills also contain a considerable amount of hazardous waste. Today, pesticides, cleansers, and motor oil are commonly found in most households. Many of these find their way to the trash. Therefore, landfills must be designed for the safe disposal of hazardous household waste. Currently, there is a critical shortage of landfills, expecially in the northeastern United States. It is estimated that 40 percent of the landfills now in use will close down within five years. The reason the percentage is so high is that most landfills are designed to be in use for only about ten years. Many landfills now closing are open dumps. Rain and groundwater trickle through the trash and dissolve metals and other chemicals. This toxic liquid, called leachate, can ooze into the ground and contaminate nearby wells and streams. In sanitary landfills, daily deposits of fresh garbage are covered with a layer of dirt or plastic or both. However, sanitary landfills can still exude leachate into the water table. In new sanitary landfills, the basin is often lined with clays and impermeable plastic sheets to keep the leachate in. While so many of the country's landfills are closing down in the next several years, solid-waste engineers face tremendous challenges to properly seal, salvage, and monitor some of the nation's most contaminated dumps. The use of sanitary landfills presents several additional challenges beyond safety and efficiency. One major problem is cost. It is often necessary to transport garbage several hundred miles to an available landfill. The cost for transporting garbage to a landfill can be excessive. An even bigger problem is location. Even if the landfill does not leak pollutants or foul the air, no one wants a landfill for a neighbor. Consequently, the old landfills are not being replaced. Due to the critical shortage of landfills and the concerns about their safety, environmental consciousness has been raised. There is a growing awareness of the need to improve the environment and become less dependent on landfills. We must finds ways to reduce waste, and we must find ways to convert waste into something that can be used again. Source reduction offers a real and lasting contribution toward solving our nation's solid waste problem and conserving landfill space. Talk to your legislators, both federal and state, about this genuine method of reducing the volume of garbage.